The Neurosis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne Essays - Freudian Psychology

The Neurosis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne The Neurosis of Nathaniel Hawthorne The influence of Freuds theory of the dynamics of human personality extends far beyond the discipline of behavioral science, reaching into areas such as humanities, philosophy, and literature. Freud believed that a work of literature is the external expression of the authors unconscious mind. Therefore, we must treat the work of literature as a dream, then reveal hidden motivations and repressed desires by applying psychoanalytic techniques. In the story Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, I will explore the use of symbols and repressed images by the author that are conveyed throughout the story. To understand better the approach of psychoanalytic criticism, we must first define a general concept of the theory behind it. Psychoanalytic theory finds its roots in psychoanalysis, the medical technique developed by Sigmund Freud in 1900. Freud published a book entitled The Interpretation of Dreams that outlined a complete theory of dreams and focused on unconscious mechanisms and their relation to consciousness. Psychoanalysis was born. Although not originally intended to be a school of literary criticism, Freud later began to develop a connection between literature and psychoanalysis. This created a new understanding of the artwork (the literary piece itself), the artist (writers including their writing process), and the audience (readers and their responses). Psychoanalysis is said to have several different meanings. For literary purposes the best definition as described by Robert Mollinger would be a theory of the mind that can serve as an explanatory model for literature(31). Central to Psychoanalysis is the tripartite model. The tripartite model is best described by our textbook Literary Criticism: This model developed by Freud separates the human psyche into three parts, the id, ego, and superego. The id is the source for all psychosexual desires and psychic energy. The id operates on the pleasure principal, demanding immediate satisfaction. The ego is the rational and logical part of the mind. It operates as a balance or regulator to the id. The final part is the superego, an internal censor that allows people to make moral judgments in light of social pressures. (150-151) Between the id, ego, and superego, exists an ever-changing balance is created. When the ego cannot meet the needs of the id and superego, a neurosis is created: It is these unresolved conflicts (i.e. neurosis) that Freud seeks to resolve so the patient can return to normalcy. (Bressler 153) Using this tripartite model is an important element for dream interpretation, which is the basis for my criticism of Young Goodman Brown A psychoanalytic criticism of Young Goodman Brown will view the entire story as a single dream of Nathaniel Hawthornes. Freud believed that dreams stored hidden repressed sexual desires, anger, rage, guilt, and emotions from the unconscious. Therefore, our psyche recreates these repressed feeling and emotions through our dreams. When the critic analyzes the literature as a dream, he then unlocks the hidden messages, repressed desires, and underlying motivations of the author. Central to the story of Goodman Brown is his curious journey with the stranger. Although the reader is never directly told why Brown meets with the stranger, a psychoanalytic criticism lends a different and unique perspective to his travels. On the surface of the story, the meeting of the two men may be simply seen as chance encounter; however, their characters and actions represent far more. Hawthornes writing is very closely related to his conflicts with religion during his life. Central to his struggle in Young Goodman Brown is the conflict with gay and lesbian relationships versus the Puritan church. Hawthorne uses his characters as symbolic images to represent his feeling and thoughts about the religious culture at work during the late 1800s. No different, the stranger Goodman Brown meets in the woods is a projection of Hawthornes conscience through Brown. I hope to demonstrate that Hawthornes conscience has created the character of the stranger through a neurosis produced by his unresolved conflict with gay relationships versus his puritan society beliefs. The stranger represents Hawthornes struggle with sin, his ids primary pleasures, and the close relation between sin and the devil. Within the first few paragraphs of the story, Brown states, what a wretch I am to leave her on such an errand.but no

Compare and contrast at least three poems from the Love and Loss anthology Essay Example

Compare and contrast at least three poems from the Love and Loss anthology Essay Example Compare and contrast at least three poems from the Love and Loss anthology Paper Compare and contrast at least three poems from the Love and Loss anthology Paper Essay Topic: Poetry I have studied a range of poems on love and loss, the five poems I have chosen are; First Love by John Clare, How Do I Love Thee? by Elizabeth Barrett Browning A Birthday and Remember by Christina Rosetti and finally When We Two Parted by George Gordon. All of these poems were written during the romantic period which was approximately 1770-1830, or the Victorian period which was approximately 1830-1900. During both these periods there were similar as well as different styles of poetry produced. Love and Loss poems were both important themes in Victorian and romantic poetry. The word love has many meanings to it. To love someone it can mean to be emotionally or physically or even by both be attracted to another person. Love involves romance, which is the feeling felt for the person you love. Therefore a romantic poem is a poem that expresses very affectionate and sensitive emotions. The poems; A Birthday, How Do I Love Thee and Remember are all sonnets which are 14 line poems with a rhyming scheme of ABAB. The other two poems; First Love and When We Two Parted are not sonnets but they are both rhyming poems. In How Do I Love Thee Elizabeth Barrett Brownings love is an endless permanent thing, I shall but love thee better after death. There is also the similar feel in First Love when John Clare talks about how he has lost his heart for her, My heart has left its dwelling-place And can return no more. The poem How Do I Love Thee is written about her love, possibly her husband but John Clares is about someone else, somebody he does not know, in this case it could be unrequited love, where she may not feel the same way about him. Remember compared to How Do I Love Thee and First Love is giving out a different message. Instead of saying that they will not forget their love even after they die, Christina Rosetti tells her love to forget about her after she dies because she does not want him to think of her and get upset, Better by far you/ should forget and smile Than that you should remember me and be sad. She wants him to be happy when she is gone. In First Love the reaction to love is mainly stated through the physical actions, My face turned pale as deadly pale. My legs refused to walk away, expressing love with this kind of language seems much exaggerated compared to how Elizabeth Barrett Browning does it in How Do I Love Thee, she just talks about how she feels within herself and her soul, I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach, she does not say anything about how she is physically but just mentally. Remember once again is different form both of the other poems, it does not at all state anything about her love to her partner but only what he should do after she goes. First Love, How Do I Love Thee and A Birthday are all typical romantic poems. A Birthday and First Love both have references to nature. In First Love it says; Her face it bloomed like a sweet flower, John Clare uses these words to describe the beauty of his love; he is comparing her to a flower expressing that she has natural beauty. A Birthday describes love using reference to nature which portrays the theme of love, My heart is like an apple tree Whose boughs are bent with thickest fruit, saying that her heart is abundant and fruitful to her love. First Love and A Birthday both share another thing in common that make them typical romantic poems, they both have the reference to music. In First Love it says; Words from my eyes did start They/ spoke as chords do from the string, the love in his eyes were speaking for him, it was strong emotional music coming from within him. Imagery from nature is used within both poems to express the theme of love. In A Birthday, it says; My heart is like a/ singing bird, this again is reference to nature as well as music; it is telling me that she is happy. First Love uses music to express love through eyes and A Birthday uses music to express love from the heart. Both of these descriptions are very powerful as they are what a typical romantic poem consists of. However in How Do I Love Thee although it does not share the common descriptions First love and A Birthday have, the title of the poem tells the readers that it is a typical romantic poem. How Do I Love Thee and A Birthday are positive, in How Do I Love Thee it says, I love thee with the passion and in A Birthday it says My heart is like a/ rainbow shell. Both these poems are typical. Remember on the other hand is negative as it does not say anything similar to what the other two poems say about their love and how the poems are written with a positive feel. This one is more about the loss of a loved one and the breakdown of a relationship, it uses words such as, darkness, grieve, sad, which add a negative effect on the poem. All the poems rhyme and use some kind of flowery language (lyrical). in First Love there is the use of alliteration, so sudden and so sweet. There is no alliteration present in the other two poems. However there is the use of repetition in both, in How Do I Love Thee the words I love thee are repeated many times through the poem. In A Birthday the words My heart are repeated a few times. The use of repetition is very effective as it puts emphasis on the poem making those few words stand out. My response to all the poems overall is that they are all very clear in expressing their feelings towards their love. The image I got was that they are madly in love and taking there expressions to a great extent. The poems talk about love during and after death meaning their love is very important. The poem I liked best was A Birthday, this is because I found it easy to understand compared to the other poems and there is the positive feel towards it. I did not enjoy reading How Do I Love Thee and Remember as much as A Birthday because they were a bit difficult to understand at certain parts.

Spreading the Truth or Lies in Disguise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Spreading the Truth or Lies in Disguise - Essay Example This definition of public diplomacy is concise because it contains three elements that mark its specific role in the over-all practice of international relations and that would serve as a limiting aspect of the study contained in this paper. Government-Sponsored It is â€Å"government-sponsored.† This term limits the scope of the practice of public diplomacy to that which is carried out by the government. While private corporations and institutions also carry out activities that achieve the same objective of informing or influencing public opinion, it could be said that the more important activity of public diplomacy, especially in recent years, is that which nations and states carry out. In the United States, for example, public diplomacy is carried out by the Department of State through its U.S. Information Agency, with the help of many other public and private institutions, such as universities, cultural associations, aid agencies, and its military, among others. In the Uni ted Kingdom, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office carry it out with the help of the British Council, the BBC World Service and private think tanks such as the Foreign Policy Centre, again among many other institutions equipped for the task. Every government carries out a substantial amount of public diplomacy which is different from the common understanding of diplomacy because the normal channels of top-level government relations are not enough for any state to handle the scope and amount of work needed to pursue its strategic interests. Traditionally, international relations to pursue a nation’s strategic interests involved only the political, economic and military aspects. Lately, however,... The report covers the growing importance of public diplomacy highlights the importance of consistency and a unity between the starting and end points of the exercise to communicate a message. The starting point, the government in the case of public diplomacy, originates and packages the message and chooses the medium or media through which the message is transmitted. The end point, the foreign audience or external public, is the intended recipient of the message. However, while the internal public is not included in this equation, they also play an important role, since the factors that contributed to the growing popularity of public diplomacy are also the same factors that affect its utility or not. This paper makes a concluison that this is the reason why there must be consistency between the reality and the message and media used. The message need not be an idealization of reality, but realistic enough so that it could be perceived as objective and sincere. The support of the internal or local public is crucial in this regard, because any messages of inconsistency from this public can do great harm to the message crafted by those who carry out the work of public diplomacy. There is likewise a need to respect the foreign audience’s response. When they do not absorb the message nor change public opinion or, perhaps even worsen it, public diplomacy becomes more crucial and important. Its goal should not be to get everyone to think alike, but rather to help others develop a balanced view of how a country sees its goals as mutually beneficial. Public diplomacy can effect a change in strategic goals if needed.

Wave Theories and Their Applicability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wave Theories and Their Applicability - Essay Example This disturbance carries the energy and travels through the water from one location to another without or temporarily transporting the water on which the wind acts. It is like transfer of power or energy from one thing to another. The wind exerts the force on water to form the wave to carry its energy. Then where the wind energy comes from It's again recursive. It's not the topic of discussion in this coursework. Very high waves with long overhanging crests. The resulting foam is in great patches and is blown in dense white streaks along the direction of the wind. On the whole, the surface of the sea takes a white appearance. The rolling of the sea becomes heavy and shock like. Visibility is affected. Exceptionally high waves (small and medium sized ships might for a long time be lost to view behind the waves). The sea is completely covered with white patches of foam lying along the direction of the wind. Visibility is affected. After many years of experience and deep observations with water waves lead to the development of different wave theories. And Stokes Wave Theory is the one among them. In this theory Stokes uses the common approach of generation of waves due to the wind. The three major parameters involved in the theory and they are the waves, which are subjected to certain boundary conditions, the equations of motion and the fluid (ideal or perfect or frictionless) on which the wind acts to form the wave. ... The sea is completely covered with white patches of foam lying along the direction of the wind. Visibility is affected. 35 20 12 64-71 Hurricane Air filled with foam and spray. Sea completely white with driving spray. Visibility is very seriously affected. 40 22 WAVE THEORIES After many years of experience and deep observations with water waves lead to the development of different wave theories. And Stokes Wave Theory is the one among them. In this theory Stokes uses the common approach of generation of waves due to the wind. The three major parameters involved in the theory and they are the waves, which are subjected to certain boundary conditions, the equations of motion and the fluid (ideal or perfect or frictionless) on which the wind acts to form the wave. Nowadays there are several variations of Stokes Theory developed using the computer implementations and are called the Extension of the Stokes theory to higher orders. For example, Stokes 2nd order, 3rd order and so on. Dean's (1965) stream function theory is the theory, which uses the stream function in place of the velocity potential to develop it. Dean (1974) did a limited comparison of measured horizontal particle velocity in a wave tank with the tenth-order stream function theory and several o ther theories. Again the variations of the stream function theory developed using different numerical methods by Dalrymple 1974, Chaplin 1980, Reinecker and Fenton 1981. Stokes finite amplitude wave theory is a non-linear shallow-water wave theory and is applicable when the depth to wavelength ratio d/L is greater than about 1/8 or kd > 0.78 or Ur < 79. As waves move into shallow water, portions of the wave travel faster because of amplitude dispersion

Study Local Universities Essay Example for Free

Study Local Universities Essay Looking at the trend recently, most of the students feel that studying abroad is better than studying in local universities. As a saying goes, the grass always looks greener on the other side of the fence. However, the students have their own choices either studying in universities abroad or in local universities. They have own reason to study locally or abroad. Both of universities, abroad or local have their own uniqueness. So, we cannot ignore the fact that studying abroad is better than studying in local universities but to study in local also has advantages. In Malaysia, there are many local universities that have a good quality and students have a variety of choice that they can choose. In my opinion, I disagree that studying abroad is better than studying in local universities. This is because studying in local universities can save the cost and it is as good as universities abroad while students who study abroad are exposed to culture shock and they will not have communication barrier. First, to study in local universities to save costs compared to study at universities abroad. Different countries have different currency rate. Usually, when we change the currency to another currency, the value we will be smaller. So, we need more money to study abroad. Students need a lot of money to pay fees if studying abroad than studying locally. When they study in universities in the United States or the United Kingdom, they also need more money to buy winter clothes for countries different climate. Not only that, as the other is from the country, the higher the price of tickets. So much money is needed to buy tickets to and fro. If they are in cases of emergency, they can not go home immediately because they do not have the money to buy tickets. If studying in countries identified in the event of an emergency we can return immediately.

The Cycles of International Conflict Essay -- International Conflict

Wars have been waged for decades creating the world we live in today. Charles Tilly observed, â€Å"the state made war and war made the state† (qtd in Sernau, 2009, 147). However, these battles have been destructive and bloody resulting in the deaths of countless individuals. These grave consequences lead us to ask the ever problematic question, what could possibly motivate a state to engage in warfare? Fundamentally, some believe war is linked to a conflict of political and economic interests rooted in power struggles ranging from territorial and humanitarian to ideological and ethnic while others argue that war has become ingrained in our societies and economies resulting in this tenacious cycle of confrontation. Territories are the bases of states. Accordingly, Joshua Goldstein and Jon Pevehouse explain that â€Å"Most of today’s borders are the result of past wars (in which winners took territory from losers) or were imposed arbitrarily by colonizers† (Goldstein and Pevehouse, 2009, 25). Territory is precious to states and is rarely yielded voluntarily for any incentive and lost territory is not quickly forgotten (Goldstein and Pevehouse, 2009, 133). For example, disputes were the consequences of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I and the Middle Eastern region being colonized by England and France through the Sykes Picot agreement (Singh, 2003). Eventually these colonies gained their freedom but several territory disputes arose the most prominent being the Israeli-Palestinian conflict linked to the Oslo Accords (Singh, 2003). The concept of irredentism which is â€Å"The goal of regaining territory lost to another state† (Goldstein and Pevehouse, 200 9, 133) is a problematic result of this dispute with Palestinians belie... ...tions." Bint Jbeil. 1993. Web. 9 Apr. 2012. . Kent, John. "Cold War and the Periphery." History in Focus. Institute of Historical Research, 2006. Web. 9 Apr. 2012. . Nikitin, Alexander. "Political and Economic Causes of War." Proc. of 50th Pugwash Conference On Science and World Affairs: Eliminating the Causes of War, Queen's College, Cambridge. 2000. Print. Sanchez, Peter. Class Lecture. International Politics. Loyola University, Chicago, IL. 26 Mar 2012. Sernau, Scott. Global Problems: The Search for Equity, Peace, and Sustainability. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, 2009. Print. Singh, K. G. "Treating the Symptoms Instead of the Cause." Asia Times Online. 31 July 2003. Web. 5 Apr. 2012. .

Baby Dumping Essay

Child is a priceless give from Allah. However, baby dumping is a social crisis and has a chronic discarding or leaving alone, for an extended period time, a child younger than 12 months of age in a public or private setting with the intent to dispose of the child. Based on Bukit Aman Police Headquarters statistic found a total of 580 babies were found dumped between year 2011-2012 and found the number was increased day by up until now. This number of cases every year where as much as 65 baby dumping cases has increased to 83 cases in the earlier year of 2013. In the first 5 months, almost every day there are reports on dumped baby cases. This scenario had been more serious from day to day although there are a lot about this in a mass media and teenagers always seen to be involved in this situation. YOUR OPINION ABOUT THE ISSUE: In my opinion, we can avoid the baby dumping through several activities; Through campaign: To raise awareness of this issue to the public. One of the campaign’s focuses is â€Å"Kami Prihatin†. It was launched on 23rd March 2010 and activities were organized to promote child protection policy, producing the documentary and publishing community awareness advertisements in Utusan Malaysia. Other ways: Prevention programs towards the regions and categories of population with increased risks of dumping and setting up a coherent reporting and monitoring system as regards the dumping and the risk of abandonment. Standardizing the written forms and the procedures of registering women which get admitted in maternities in order to give birth and elaborating procedures for keeping records of mothers and children without identity papers and creating a database on this matter. Religion knowledge: every religion emphasizes their believer to not to do the wrong things. Long-term solutions to the problem of baby dumping require efforts at prevention. Steps must be taken to prevent unwanted pregnancies, provide assistance to parents in crisis, and increase communication within families and communities. HOW THE ISSUE CAN INFLUENCE YOU IN YOUR LIFE For me, this kind of action should be avoid totally by every single soul because the baby is an innocent and don’t know anything and even animal loves their babies. This kind of action gives me such a lesson that it will ruin our society ‘totally’. We should take a responsibilities to our action and do not let others take it. I can’t stand still if I heart this kind of case because I have the humanity sense and I think other people are agreed to my statement. Only people that have no humanity sense will dump their baby away. I will not do this action and I hope others too. I am the saddest person if I heard and look the baby being dumped by their ‘animal’ mother.